MODULE II. DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)

COURSE OBJECTIVE - Upon completion of this module, the student will understand and be familiar with the purpose of the Disk Operating System (DOS).

A. PURPOSE OF DOS

• Disk Operating System, not a software program

• Manages all of functions of the computer equipment

• Loaded from A: (floppy drive) or C: (hard drive) to "boot" up computer system

• Ready to take commands at any prompt: (ex., A:>_; B>; C:>_)

• Has limited vocabulary; an incorrectly-spelled filename will be prompted as

"bad command or file name"

• The drive DOS is working in is called Current Drive

• Each drive has DOS letter name (A,B,C,etc.); type drive letter and colon

(A: B: C:) to change Current Drive

• Runs software (computer program) applications

You and DOS

are

Allies!!

B. HISTORY OF DOS

• The Personal Computer and DOS appeared in 1981

• Different types and versions of DOS;

• PC DOS = IBM

• MS DOS = Microsoft

• New versions include enhancements or corrections from previous versions

("bugs")

• Software written for earlier versions of DOS should work with newer versions

• Software written for newer versions of DOS will not work on older DOS versions

• EVOLUTION OF DOS

Version 1.0

• Introduced in 1981 to work with first IBM PC

• Written on and supported a single-sided, single-density 5 1/4 inch floppy diskette

• 180KB (KiloBytes) storage capacity

• Few commands

• Ver 1.1 introduced in 1982

• Corrected some "bugs"

• Supported double sided, double density 5 1/4 inch floppy disk

• 360 KB storage capacity

Version 2.0

• Introduced in 1983 for the IBM XT series PC

• Support Hard drives

• Ver 2.1 was introduced in late 1983

• Supported IBM PC, JR.

B. HISTORY OF DOS (continued)

Version 3.0

• Introduced in 1984 for the IBM PC AT series PC

• Supported double-sided, high density 5 1/4 inch floppy drive

• 1.2 MB (Million Byte) capacity

• Ver, 3.1 introduced in 1985 for the LAN ( Local Area Network )

• Ver. 3.2 introduced in late 1985 to support the double- sided, double density 3 1/2 inch floppy drive

• 720 KB capacity

• Ver. 3.3 introduced in 1987 for the IBM PS/2 with Micro- channel capability

• Also supported double-sided, high density 3 1/2 inch floppy drive

• 1.44 MB capacity

Version 4.0

• Introduced in 1988

• Shellware allows use of mouse or arrow keys to select from highlighted menu bar instead of typing a DOS command

• Also broke the 33MB hard drive partition barrier

• Drives can be set as big as large as from the manufacturer (e.g., 512MB)

OS/2 (Operating System 2)

• Introduced in late 1988

• Not DOS! Runs more than one program at a time; called "Multitasking"

• Version 1.x is not a DOS

• Version 2.x is a DOS

B. HISTORY OF DOS (continued)

Version 5.0

• Introduced in 1991

• Corrected "bugs" from Ver. 4.0.

• Called a "light"; loaded high in RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Able to run software programs that required more of "low" RAM (640KB)

• Supported the double-sided, extended high density 3 1/2 inch floppy drive

• 2.88 MB capacity

Version 6.0

• Introduced in 1993

• Special features include:

• Consolidation of utilities such as backup, anti-virus, hard drive defragmentor, double space, etc.

• Advanced memory manager

Version 7.0?

• Wait and see!

• Rumor that IBM and Apple are working together on new operating system

• Also able to read old DOS versions and Apple Macintosh software

C. DOS BOOT UP

SIX (6) PARTS OF DOS

1. ROM-BIOS 4. IBMDOS.COM

2. "Boot Record" 5. COMMAND.COM

3. IBMBIO.COM 6. EXTERNAL COMMAND FILES

1. ROM-BIOS

• Built in to the PC

• Provides basic services needed by PC

• Erasable Programmable Read Only-Memory

2. "BOOT RECORD"

• Short program located in first sector of each diskette

• Pulls in IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM

3. IBMBIO.COM (PC-DOS) / IO.SYS (MS-DOS)

• Changes ROM-BIOS into DOS-BIOS

• "Physical" part of DOS; responsible for all device drivers

• Invisible file

4. IBMDOS.COM (PC-DOS) / MSDOS.SYS (MS-DOS)

• Provides "core" DOS services

• Logical part of DOS

• Invisible file

5. COMMAND.COM

• Processes "internal" and transient commands

6. EXTERNAL COMMANDS

• External to DOS in memory

• Called in for specific DOS functions

• Example: FORMAT.COM

Note: MS-DOS = Microsoft Disk Operating System

IBM-DOS = IBM Disk Operating System

C. DOS BOOT UP (continued)

• HOW DOS LOADS

1. Pre-BOOT Diagnostic Test

• When power is applied, 8088 puts out highest address (FFFFF) on bus; ROM-BIOS programs are called in from system board

• Power-On-Self-Test (POST) is first program loaded and executed

• Performs start-up test

• Reads CONFIG. switches and initialize system

• Reads setup information on 286 and above from CMOS

2. ROM-BIOS Bootstrap Diskette Loader

• Checks to see if diskette is installed;

• Reads "boot record" from diskette; if no "boot record", control is passed to hard drive or system basic

3. "BOOT Record"

• Bootstrap loader located at track 0, sector 1 of system disk

• 512 bytes in size

4. IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM

• Responsible for interrupting motherboard

• IBMBIO.COM responsible for:

• Customizing system to any operating system

• Fix any problems with resident ROM-BIOS

• Handles any new peripherals added to the PC

5. COMMAND.COM

• Command processor; reads characters typed from the keyboard

• Several built-in commands:

• DIR • COPY

• TYPE • REM

• PAUSE • etc.

• Finds and executes EXTERNAL .com files

• Type COMMAND to call in Command interpreter

D. REVIEW

1. DOS is a _____ _____________ _________, not a ______________ program.

2. DOS and the _______ appeared in ______.

3. PC DOS is for _______; MS-DOS is for _______________.

4. Software written for a newer version of _______ will _____ work on older ______ versions.

5. DOS Version 1 will only support a _________ Floppy Drive.

6. In ______, DOS Version 1.1 supported _________ Floppy Drive.

7. DOS Version 2.0 supported ____________ for the IBM PC XT in _______.

8. A 1.2MB Floppy Drive is supported by DOS Version ________ and later.

9. DOS Version 3.1 supported _________ in 1985.

10. DOS Version ______ suppored 720KB 3.5" Floppy Drives in late ________.

11. IBM PS/2 Micro-channel capability was introduced in _______ with the 1.44MB 3.5" floppy drive supported by DOS Version ________.

12. DOS Version 4.0 was introduced in 1988 supporting a _____ _________.

13. ________ Version 1.x is a multi-tasking program, not _________.

14. DOS Version 5.0 is introduced in 1991. It is known as ________ ______. It supports a ________ 3.5" Floppy Drive.

15. DOS Version _______ consolidated _______________ and has an advanced memory manager.

16. The six (6) parts of DOS Boot-Up are:

1. ________________ 4. _________________

2. ________________ 5. _________________

3. ________________ 6. _________________

MODULE III. FLOPPY DRIVES

OBJECTIVE - Upon completion of this module, the student will understand the components of a floppy disk drive and how it works.

A. IDENTIFICATION

1. Anatomy

• Circular piece of soft plastic covered with oxide coating

• Outside square protective "jacket" with white felt layer for added protection

• Four openings in "jacket"

• Hub

• Read/Write slot

• Write-protect notch

• Index hole

• SEE APPENDIX A

2. Storage Capacity

• TPI = Track per inch

• DSDD = Double-Sided, Double Density

• DSHD = Double-Sided, High Density

• DSEHD = Double-Sided, Extended High Density

SIZE	TYPE	TPI	TRACK/ SIDE	SECTORS	STORAGE
5 1/4"	DSDD	48	40	9	360KB
5 1/4"	DSHD	96	80	15	1.2MB
3 1/2"	DSDD	135	80	9	720KB
3 1/2"	DSHD	135	80	18	1.44MB
3 1/2"	DSEHD	135	80	36	2.88MB

Note: Bytes of Storage = Tracks x Sectors x 512 x 2sides

B. HOW THEY WORK

• Data stored in a track = full circle around a diskette

• Tracks divided in sectors

• Each sector contains 512 bytes

• TRACK 0 divides sectors as:

• SECTOR 1 = "boot record"

• SECTORS 2 and 3 = File Allocation Table (FAT)

• SECTORS 4 - 9 = diskette directory

• Remaining diskette area used for data storage

• SEE: APPENDIX B

C. LAB

Students will disassemble and perform speed adjustment of Floppy Drive

1. Remove cover of PC

2. Remove power connector to floppy drive

3. Remove ribbon cable from floppy drive

4. Remove screws holding floppy drive to PC

5. Remove floppy drive from PC

6. Place floppy drive on its side on top of PC

7. Reconnect power connector and ribbon cable to floppy drive

8. Turn on PC; observe bottom side of floppy drive; check if black lines of stroboscope look stationary. ( SEE APPENDIX C )

9. Use small jeweler's screwdriver; adjust VR1 until strobe lines are stationary

10. Reassemble floppy drive to PC in reverse order of disassembly

D. REVIEW

1. A Floppy Diskette is a ________ ____________ covered with an ___________ ____________________.

2. The outside protective ____________ is layered with white _______ for added protection.

3. The four (4) openings in a Floppy Diskette are:

1. ______________________ 3. ____________________

2. ______________________ 4. ____________________

4. __________ stands for Tracks Per Inch.

5. __________ stands for Double Sided, Double Density.

6. __________ stands for Double Sided, High Density.

7. A 360KB diskette has _____ sectors and _____ tracks per side.

8. A 1.2MB diskette has _____ sectors and _____ tracks per side.

9. A 720KB diskette is ______ inches square.

10. A 1.44MB diskette has _______ T.P.I.

11. Data is stored in a ________; each track is divided in to __________ and each ___________ contains ______ bytes.

12. Track ____ is the most important track that contains all the vital information of the __________________.

13. Track 0, Sector 1 holds the _______ ___________.

14. Track ____, Sectors 2 and 3 hold the _____ ________________ ___________ (_____).

15. Track 0, Sectors 4-9 hold the ______________ __________________.

MODULE IV. HARD DRIVES

OBJECTIVE - Upon completion of this module, the student will:

• Know the history and evolution of the hard drive;

• Identify the parts of the hard drive and how it works

• During the LAB sessions, students will learn:

• Setup, Drive Setup

• Debug, Low-Level Formatting

• FDISK, DOS Partitioning

• DOS Formatting

• Utilities (Norton, Disk Dr., Virus Checker, HD. Optimizer)

• Backup and Restore

A. HISTORY

• Hard drive technology used in data processing since early 1970's

• Nicknamed "Winchester"; 30+30MG configuration like 30.30 Winchester repeating rifle

1. FIRST GENERATION OF 5 1/4 WINCHESTER

1980

• First 5 1/4 Winchester introduced by SEAGATE

• SEAGATE pushes ST506 standard

• 6.4MB capacity

• 8.3 millisecond latency

• Soft Error Rate of 1 in 10 to the 10th power

• 2 Iron-Oxide Platters

• Brushless DC Motor at 3600 RPM's

• 4 Read/Write Heads

• 153 Cylinders (tracks)

• Stepper Motor Band head Actuator

1982

• Capacity increased to 13.3MB, then 26.6MB

• Higher Resolution Stepper Motors

• 4 Platter Drives

• In-Drive Microprocessor design

• Optimized step pulse algorithms

A. HISTORY (continued)

1. FIRST GENERATION OF 5 1/4 WINCHESTER (continued)

1983

• Hard Drive industry competition

• Lower prices

• IBM announces PC/XT with 10MB Winchester from SEAGATE and MINISCRIBE

2. SECOND GENERATION 5 1/4 WINCHESTER

1983

• 16-bit PC processors and networks demand better hard drive technology

• Improved I/O from 95 milliseconds (msec) to 30msec or less

• Voice Coil technology used dedicated servo surface with closed loop feedback

1984

• IBM AT announced with 20MB capacity using servo wedge technology

1985

• Thin film heads and plated media used

• Automatic Landing Zones become standard with Voice Coil technology

SEE: APPENDIX D

A. HISTORY (continued)

3. THIRD GENERATION 5 1/4 WINCHESTER

1986 and beyond

• Increased drive capacity, performance, reliability

• ST506 standard will be put to rest

• 170MB capacity

• 25msec Access Time

• 20,000-30,000 hour MTBF

• Head Actuators made of magnesium; linear instead of voice coil

• Linear Density Platters will open way to Gigabyte capacity

B. ADVANCES IN HARD DRIVE TECHNOLOGY

1. Read/Write Heads for increased storage and faster processing

2. Thin film coating for disk platters for more uniform composition; greater recording density

3. Perpendicular Recording Technique; in research stages; magnetized regions run up and down instead of parallel to disk surface; could enable 300% increase in data density

4. Head-Positioning; closed-loop actuator instead of stepper-based; higher performance; access times frequently twice as much

SEE: APPENDIX E

C. HARD DRIVE VS. FLOPPY DRIVE

• Hermetically sealed environment

• Pressure-equalizing filters maintain clean environment within drive

• Eliminates hazards from dust, smoke, ashes, etc.

• Allows Read/Write heads to float near to disk platter surface

• Increased speed and capacity

D. IDENTIFICATION

1. Physical Pieces of Hard Drive

• Disk Controller

• Two ribbon cable interfaces

• Power connector

• Logic Board

• Head Actuator

• Stepper Band

• Voice Coil Technology

• Read/Write Heads

• Recording Platters

• Absolute Filters

2. Logical Pieces of Hard Drive

• ROM program; located at C8000

• Number of Heads

• Number of Cylinders (Number of tracks)

• Sectors Per Track (standard 17)

• Cluster Size (8 Sectors - 4096 Bytes)

3. Drive Cabling for Hard Drive

• Identification varies of all drives

• SEE: APPENDIX F

E. LABS

Students will perform SETUP commands and Drive Setup

LAB1: SETUP and DRIVE SETUP

1) SETUP

• Used with IBM AT and above (286, 386, 486); not used for 8088

• Must run SETUP first before anything else

• 286 PC - Boot from SETUP diskette

• 386 & 486 - SETUP built into ROM-BIOS; can run during initial "boot"

• Takes the place of DIP switches found in 8088 PC XT machines

• Holds hardware configuration in CMOS, such as:

• Hard drive type

• Monitor type

• Memory

• Floppy Disk Drives

• 6VDC lithium battery holds information in CMOS, even when PC is turned off

2) DRIVE SETUP

• Required so PC knows how many hard drives are installed; which is master, slave

• SEE: APPENDIX G for additional information

E. LABS (continued)

2) DRIVE SETUP (continued)

• BIOS Fixed Disk Parameters

TYPE	CYLINDERS	HEADS	WRITE PRE-COMP	LANDING ZONE
1	306	4	128	305
2	615	4	300	615
3	615	6	300	615
4	940	8	512	940
5	940	6	512	940
6	615	4	no	615
7	462	8	256	511
8	733	5	no	733
9	900	15	no8	901
10	820	3	no	820
11	855	5	no	855
12	855	7	no	855
13	306	8	128	319
14	733	7	no	733
15	Reserved--set to zeros

E. LABS (continued)

LAB2: DEBUG/LOW-LEVEL FORMAT

Students will use DEBUG commands

and

perform Low-Level Formatting of Hard Drive

1. DEBUG

• Boot‑up PC using Dos diskette in drive A:

• At DOS prompt, type DEBUG

• At the hyphen, type -g=c800:5

• Used for Western Digital Hard Drive Controller

• Allows access to hard drive controller's BIOS

• Allows low-level format of hard drive

• Other controllers may use different DEBUG access command

• Example -g=c800:ccc

Note: 8088 only

2. LOW-LEVEL FORMATTING

• Low-Level Format program displays menu asking for interleave factor

• Choose 3 to 1

• SEE: APPENDIX H for more information on Interleave factor

• Virtual Configuration of Drive?

• Answer: NO

E. LABS (continued)

LAB2: DEBUG/LOW-LEVEL FORMAT

2. LOW-LEVEL FORMATTING (continued)

• Start Formatting?

• Answer: YES

• After format is complete:

• Format bad tracks?

• Answer: NO

• Key in bad tracks?

• If bad track information provided by HD manufacturer

• Answer: YES

• Format successful!

Other utility programs can do Low-Level Formatting, such as

Advanced Diagnostics or Check It.

(Use the easy to follow menu-driven programs)

E. LABS (continued)

LAB3: FDISK

STUDENTS WILL PARTITION A HARD DISK DRIVE

• Boot-up PC from drive A:

• From DOS prompt, type FDISK

• FDISK Setup Menu

• Choose 1 (Create DOS partition or logical dos drive)

• Choose 1 ( Create primary DOS partition)

• After Partition is complete:

• Press [ENTER]

• Re-Boots the PC

SEE APPENDIX I

E. LABS (continued)

LAB4: DOS FORMAT

STUDENTS WILL FORMAT HARD DRIVE

AS A BOOTABLE DISK

1. Boot-up from drive A:

2. FORMAT Drive C:

• At A> prompt, type FORMAT C:/S

• "WARNING: All data on non removable disk drive C: will be lost! Proceed with format (Y/N)"

• Type Y press [ENTER]

• /S transfers following files to Drive C:

• COMMAND.COM

• IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM ("hidden" files)

3. COPY DOS files from Drive A: to Drive C:\DOS Directory:

• Make Directory (MD) for DOS files

• Type MD DOS press [ENTER]

• Change Directory (CD) to C:\DOS

• CD DOS press [ENTER]

• COPY All files from Drive A: to C:\DOS

• COPY A:*.* C: press [ENTER]

E. LABS (continued)

LAB5: UTILITIES

STUDENTS WILL OPERATE BASIC UTILITIES FEATURES

FOR TROUBLESHOOTING THE HARD DRIVE

1. Purpose of Utilities Programs

• Insure Hard Drive is operating at peak performance

• Recommend check Hard Drive on periodic basis

2. Types of Utilities Programs

A. NORTON DISK DOCTOR

• Popular for troubleshooting Hard Drive problems

• Easy to use; menu driven

• At DOS prompt, type NDD press [ENTER]

• Follow menu prompts

• If a problem is found:

• Choose YES

• Choice of printing out a report or saving it on to disk

B. VIRUS CHECKER

• Utility program used to find viruses Drive C:

• Useful when copying from many disks or downloading from a bulletin board system

• Easy to use; menu driven

• At DOS prompt, type SCAN C: press [ENTER]

• If a virus is found:

• Tells user type of virus

• To remove virus:

• Type CLEAN C: "name of virus"

• Press [ENTER]

• Virus will be removed from Hard Drive and RAM

E. LABS (continued)

LAB5: UTILITIES (continued)

C. HD OPTIMIZER

• Reorganizes and compacts all data so Hard Drive will preform faster when retrieving data, booting up or loading a program

• At DOS prompt, type OPTUNE press [ENTER]

• Follow menu prompts

These are a few of the many Utility programs out on the market.

All programs are relatively easy to use.

Most are menu driven.

Don't be intimidated by Utilities.

They are friendly software!

E. LABS (continued)

LAB6: BACKUP AND RESTORE

STUDENTS WILL BACKUP AND RESTORE DATA ON A HARD DRIVE

1. BACKUP

A. Definition - External DOS command; compressed copy of files from Hard Drive to floppy disk or cassette; insurance against loss of data if Drive C: is damaged.

B. Full Backup of Drive C:

• Use boot disk with DOS' BACKUP and RESTORE commands

• At DOS prompt, type BACKUP C:\*.* A:/S

• /S = Sub-directories

• Insert Backup Disk 1 in drive A: press [ENTER]

• Files will backup from drive C: to drive A:

• When disk is full:

• Insert Backup Disk 2 in drive A: press [ENTER]

• Repeat above instruction when prompted for additional disks

• NOTE: Backup files are not like regular files! Backup files cannot be used until after using the Restore command.

E. LABS (continued)

LAB6: BACKUP AND RESTORE (continued)

2. RESTORE

A. Definition - De-compresses a backup file; returns to original size. Must perform RESTORE command before file can be read by computer.

B. Full RESTORE of Drive C:

• At DOS prompt, type RESTORE A: C:\*.*/S

• press [ENTER]

• Insert Disk #1 to begin Restore

• Insert remaining disks as prompted until Restore is complete

F: REVIEW

1. The nickname ________________ Hard Drive came from the 30+30M configuration like the ___________ _________________ rifle.

2. In ________, the first 5 1/4" hard Drive introduced by Seagate was the ST506 and was only ________MB in capacity.

3. In _______, a _____MB hard Drive was introduced for the IBM PC XT.

4. A _____MB hard Drive using servo wedge technology was announced with the _____________.

5. The _____________ landing zone became standard with voice coil technology in __________.

6. Linear Density _______________ will open the way to ____________ capacity.

7. The physical pieces of a Hard Drive are:

1. ______________________ 5. _____________________

2. ______________________ 6. _____________________

3. ______________________ 7. _____________________

4. ______________________ 8. _____________________

8. The logical pieces of a Hard Drive are:

1. ______________________ 4. _____________________

2. ______________________ 5. _____________________

3. ______________________

9. The five (5) type of Hard Drives are:

1. ______________________ 4. _____________________

2. ______________________ 5. _____________________

3. ______________________

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